encoding: define an enum that specifies what normcase does to ASCII strings For C code we don't want to pay the cost of calling into a Python function for the common case of ASCII filenames. However, while on most POSIX platforms we normalize filenames by lowercasing them, on Windows we uppercase them. We define an enum here indicating the direction that filenames should be normalized as. Some platforms (notably Cygwin) have more complicated normalization behavior -- we add a case for that too. In upcoming patches we'll also define a fallback function that is called if the string has non-ASCII bytes. This enum will be replicated in the C code to make foldmaps. There's unfortunately no nice way to avoid that -- we can't have encoding import parsers because of import cycles. One way might be to have parsers import encoding, but accessing Python modules from C code is just awkward. The name 'normcasespecs' was chosen to indicate that this is merely an integer that specifies a behavior, not a function. The name was pluralized since in upcoming patches we'll introduce 'normcasespec' which will be one of these values.