--- a/mercurial/debugcommands.py	Tue Feb 14 22:26:23 2023 +0100
+++ b/mercurial/debugcommands.py	Tue Feb 14 22:27:24 2023 +0100
@@ -3128,6 +3128,9 @@
     """
     ctx = scmutil.revsingle(repo, rev)
     with repo.wlock():
+        if repo.currenttransaction() is not None:
+            msg = b'rebuild the dirstate outside of a transaction'
+            raise error.ProgrammingError(msg)
         dirstate = repo.dirstate
         changedfiles = None
         # See command doc for what minimal does.